| Ferdinand von Lindemann | |
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Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann
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| Born | April 12, 1852 Hanover, Germany |
| Died | March 6, 1939 (aged 86) Munich, Germany |
| Residence | Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Fields | Mathematician |
| Institutions | Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |
| Alma mater | Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg |
| Doctoral advisor | C. Felix Klein |
| Doctoral students | Charles Hamilton Ashton Franz Fuchs David Hilbert Martin Kutta Hermann Minkowski Oskar Perron Arnold Sommerfeld Josef Wagner |
| Known for | Proving π is a transcendental number |
Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann (April 12, 1852 – March 6, 1939) was a German mathematician, noted for his proof, published in 1882, that π (pi) is a transcendental number, i.e., it is not a root of any polynomial with rational coefficients.
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Lindemann was born in Hanover, the capital of the Kingdom of Hanover. His father, Ferdinand Lindemann, taught modern languages at a Gymnasium in Hanover. His mother, Emilie Crusius, was the daughter of the Gymnasium's headmaster. The family later moved to Schwerin, where young Ferdinand attended school.
He studied mathematics at Göttingen, Erlangen, and Munich. At Erlangen he received a doctorate, supervised by Felix Klein, on non-Euclidean geometry. Lindemann subsequently taught in Würzburg and at the University of Freiburg. During his time in Freiburg, Lindemann devised his proof that π is a transcendental number (see Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem). After his time in Freiburg, Lindemann transferred to the University of Königsberg. While a professor in Königsberg, Lindemann acted as supervisor for the doctoral theses of David Hilbert, Hermann Minkowski, and Arnold Sommerfeld.
In 1882, he published the result for which he is best known, the transcendence of π. His methods were similar to those used nine years earlier by Charles Hermite to show that e, the base of natural logarithms, is transcendental. Before the publication of Lindemann's proof, it was known that if π were transcendental, then the ancient and celebrated problem of squaring the circle by compass and straightedge would be solved in the negative.